transplantation (SCT). SCT is still the only curative treatment for MDS but has suffered from high
transplant-related mortality and relapse rates. Recently, however, better bridging therapy and tools
to predict and prevent early relapses may actually have improved outcome after SCT.
Table 1
Approved by EMA or FDA or part of standard care
Transfusion therapy
Iron chelation
Erythropoiesis-stimulating factors (ESA)
Immunosuppressive treatment (IST)
Lenalidomide for lower-risk del(5q) MDS
Azacytidine
Decitabine
Induction chemotherapy
Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT)
Available therapeutic options, but not approved for MDS by EMA or FDA
Venetoclax (+ HMAi or low dose cytarabine)
Luspatercept
Eltrombopag, Romiplostim
ivosidenib (IDH1) and enasidenib (IDH2)
